At the same time, Spartan military prestige suffered a severe blow when a mora of 600 men was decimated by peltasts (light troops) under the command of the Athenian general Iphicrates.
Spartan definition: A spartan lifestyle or existence is very simple or strict, with no luxuries .
[10] In the second Persian invasion of Greece, under Xerxes, Sparta was assigned the overall leadership of Greek forces on land and at sea. It was composed of men who had at least 300 medimnoi or their equivalent as yearly income.
Peltasts Lightly armed infantry (in contrast to hoplites).
They referred to each other as Equals (see above). [4] During classical times Lacedaemonian or Laconian was used for attribution, referring to the region of the polis instead of one of the decentralized settlements called Sparta. The hippeus continued drilling in times of peace.
Population decline due to Sparta's frequent wars in the late 5th century. The Spartiate population was subdivided into age groups. [36], The Spartans used the same typical hoplite equipment as the other Greek neighbors; the only distinctive Spartan features were the crimson tunic (chitōn) and cloak (himation),[37] and long hair, which the Spartans retained to a far later date than most Greeks. However pike-men armed with the sarissa never outnumbered troops equipped in the hoplite style. The Athenian cavalry was formed after the Greco-Persian War in the 5th century BC; it originally consisted of 300 men and then increased to 1,200 men following Athens' Golden Age. The Spartans repeatedly ravaged Attica, but the Athenians kept being supplied by sea, and were able to stage raids of their own around the Peloponnese with their navy. Mounted soldiers were used to screen the army, harass the enemy and pursue fleeing enemies. It was also in that time Sparta adopted its own cavalry and archers. Sparta, also known as Lacedaemon, was an ancient Greek city-state located primarily in the present-day region of southern Greece called Laconia. By the end of the 5th century BC, Sparta had suffered serious casualties in the Peloponnesian Wars, and its conservative and narrow mentality alienated many of its former allies. Agoge The distinctive Spartan system of upbringing and training. [21] Six morai composed the Spartan army on campaign, to which were added the Skiritai and the contingents of allied states. In Sparta, the hippeus was the royal guard of honour. [18] By the end of the Peloponnesian War, the structure had evolved further, both to address the shortages in manpower and to create a more flexible system that allowed the Spartans to send smaller detachments on campaign or to garrisons outside their homeland. With Persian gold, Lysander, appointed navarch in 407 BC, was able to master a strong navy, and successfully challenge and destroy Athenian predominance in the Aegean Sea. Recklessness could lead to dishonor, as in the case of Aristodemus. Although in earlier times the number of horsemen in the Greek forces was low, in Alexander's later army they formed nearly a sixth. The text was written on a strip of leather wound round a staff, which the sender then retained. "Military history of Sparta" redirects here. For long range, they carried a javelin. Did You Know? See more. Also after the "Iphicratean reforms" peltasts became a much more common sight on the Greek battlefield and themselves became more heavily armed. See Plutarch, Lysander (The Rise and Fall of Athens, rev. [26] Those who were rejected retained a lesser form of citizenship, as only the soldiers were ranked among the homoioi. [40][41], Spartan hoplites were often depicted bearing a transverse horsehair crest on their helmet, which was possibly used to identify officers. (Pelopidas taught Philip II of Macedon many cavalry skills.) Skytale A Spartan device for sending secret messages. They also took part in processions at public festivals. Since Spartiates were required to marry late, birth rates remained low, making it difficult to replace their losses. The Spartans employed the phalanx in the classical style in a single line, uniformly deep in files of 8 to 12 men. The site was excavated by British archaeologists early in the twentieth century. 1. a resident of Sparta Familiarity information: SPARTAN used as a noun is very rare. "[27] Bravery was the ultimate virtue for the Spartans: Spartan mothers would give their sons the shield with the words "[Return] With it or [carried] on it!" 19. Hoplites Heavily armed infantry who traditionally formed the principal troops of a classical Greek army. Helots Local inhabitants of Laconia and Messenia, owned by the Spartan state and required to work for its citizens in total subjection: they might on occasion be freed for military service.
The parallel rise of Athens as a major power in Greece led to friction with Sparta, and to two large-scale conflicts, (the First and Second Peloponnesian Wars), which devastated Greece. When this happened, it as a rule caused the army to be routed. The Perioeci, whose name means “dwellers-around,” worked as craftsmen and traders, and b…
Although Athens has been praised as the "inventor" of democracy and philosophy, Sparta often has been viewed in popular culture as a society characterized by brutal, mindless discipline and merciless emphasis on physical fitness. 1960 June, R. C. Riley, “The coastal branches of South-East Devon: Part Two”, in Trains Illustrated, page 337: The engine was Class "3" 2-6-2 tank No. Perioeci ‘the dwellers round about’. Spartan - a resident of Sparta Sparta - an ancient Greek city famous for military prowess; the dominant city of the Peloponnesus prior to the 4th century BC Hellene , Greek - a native or inhabitant of Greece Equals or Peers (Homoioi). At the same time, its military class – the Spartiate caste – was in decline for several reasons: As Sparta's military power waned, Thebes repeatedly challenged its authority.
The heavy-cavalry men each had a mounted servant and probably a led horse to transport baggage and forage. In another, a Spartan complained to his mother that the sword was short, to which she simply told him to step closer to the enemy. [33] The necessary provisions (barley, cheese, onions and salted meat) were carried along with the army, and each Spartan was accompanied by a helot manservant. The crack Spartan army unit of 300 men chosen and commanded by three Hippagretae. During the Peloponnesian War, engagements became more fluid, light troops became increasingly used and tactics evolved to meet them, but in direct confrontations between two opposing phalanxes, stamina and "pushing ability" were what counted. The full army was normally led in battle by the two kings; initially, both went on campaign, but after the 6th century BC only one, with the other remaining at home. One could be demoted from Spartiate status for a number of reasons such as cowardice in battle or the inability to pay for membership in the, The third and most numerous class were the, Many colleges and universities have the Spartan as a school mascot, some of which include, A number of military aircraft have been named after the Spartans, including the. These values applied to every full Spartan citizen, immigrant, merchant, and even to the helots, but not to the dishonored. The battle, in which large numbers of Spartiates were killed, resulted in the loss of the fertile Messenia region. Every horseman received equipment money on joining and a subsidy for keeping a groom and two horses; this grew to be an annual grant from the state, amounting to forty talents, but regular pay was only given in the field. This military camp was known as the Agoge. However, from the 6th century onwards, the military character of the state became more pronounced, and education was totally subordinated to the needs of the military. The crack Spartan army unit of 300 men chosen and commanded by three Hippagretae.
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